​Traumatic brain injury, or more commonly called head injury, describes a variety of injuries to the scalp, skull, brain and underlying tissue and blood vessels in the head.

In Singapore, head injury occurs commonly after motor vehicle accidents, falls at home or at work, acts of violence, sports and recreational injuries. It is also the leading cause of disabilities and deaths in adults under 40 years of age. As a result, it has a signicant impact on the patient, family and society.

The young, elderly, people who take blood thinners and those with problems such as alcohol abuse are prone to serious consequences after a head injury.

• Temporary or permanent loss of consciousness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Giddiness
• Loss of memory

These symptoms may occur immediately or develop slowly over several hours to days. Even if no serious injury is found, careful observation by a responsible adult must occur in the first 24 – 48 hours after the injury.

For the first 24 hours after a head injury, the person SHOULD NOT:

• Be left alone
• Drive a vehicle or operate machinery
• Take alcohol or medications that can cause drowsiness

Call for help and go to the Emergency Department if:

• Signs get worse e.g. sleepiness, headache, vomiting, dizziness
• Changes in behaviour e.g. irritability, confusion
• Weakness/numbness in the arms/legs
• Difficulty walking/talking
• Fit/seizure occurs
• Blood or clear fluid comes out from the nose/ears

​Based on a physical examination. A Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the brain is ordered if there are risks of bleeding.

Head injury can be mild to severe, and damage to the brain may occur immediately at the time of injury, or develop after the injury due to swelling or further bleeding.

Treatment is individualised, depending on the type, degree and extent of injury.

The common types of head injury and treatment are:

• Scalp injury where bumps and cuts are sustained on the scalp. Treatments include cold compression and suturing.

• Skull fracture
  There are two types of skull fracture:

• Undisplaced skull fracture is caused by a direct impact to the skull which causes it to break with no shattered fragments. No surgical treatment is required as the bone will heal by itself.

• Depressed skull fracture is caused by a direct impact to the skull which causes the shattered bones to be pushed into the brain (Figure 1). Antibiotics and surgery may be needed to prevent further brain injury, bleeding and infection.

Figure 1
Depressed skull fracture 

• Concussion to the head is caused by a blow or violent shaking of the head. Most people recover without any
  permanent damage. Symptoms such as headache, giddiness, nausea and vomiting may persist but will
  generally get better over time. Treatment includes medication for symptom relief and adequate rest.

• Contusion is a “bruise” that may cause tissue damage and bleeding (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Contusion or bruising in the brain

• Haematomas (Blood clots) refer to the collection of blood in one or several locations of the brain. Treatments for contusion and haematomas include observation for worsening of symptoms and removal of blood clots. Prognosis depends on the type, size, and eect of the injuries on the brain (Figure 3 and 4).

Figure 3
Bleeding from artery (Epidural haematoma)

Figure 4
Bleeding from vein (Subdural haematoma)