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22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a genetic disorder that can affect many parts of the body, including the heart, immune system and development.
It may present at birth, in childhood or older. Common symptoms include congenital heart defects, palatal abnormalities, an impaired immune system, characteristic facial features and learning difficulties, but these vary widely.
About one in 6,000 people are born with 22q11.2DS. Occurrences of 22q11.2DS are present across all racial groups and it affects both genders equally.
Although 22q11.2DS is a condition one is born with, some symptoms develop gradually over a number of years. The severity of symptoms varies from person to person.
The main features include:
The following concerns can also be seen in 22q11.2DS and need to be watched for and treated if necessary:
The features of 22q11.2DS can be very different even amongst people with the condition in the same family.
Most individuals with 22q11.2DS are missing a small part of chromosome 22 known as 22q11.2.
A human cell normally contains 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent). Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in every cell of the body, which carry hundreds of genes each. As a result of this deletion at chromosome 22q11.2, an estimated 40 to 60 genes are missing.
Other single-gene disorders and chromosome disorders can also cause features similar to those seen in 22q11.2DS.
If your child is found to have 22q11.2DS, both parents can be tested to check if it is hereditary. In 90% of cases, neither parent has the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion.
Everyone has two copies of each chromosome in their body’s cells, one copy from each parent. 22q11.2DS follows a dominant inheritance pattern. This means that having one chromosome 22 with the deletion can cause features of 22q11.2DS.
A parent with a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion has a 50% chance of passing it down to their offspring.
Testing for 22q11.2DS is done through a blood test – either a fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) test or chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA).
While it is not possible to cure 22q11.2DS, much can be done to make sure your child has the best possible outcome.
The multidisciplinary medical team looking after your child will be able to address specific medical concerns and routine 22q11.2DS-related healthcare issues. The team of specialists may consist of the following:
Below are some related medical issues and how they can be managed:
The outlook for persons with 22q11.2DS varies depending on the severity of their congenital disabilities. Some of these conditions can be life-threatening.
However, with ongoing treatment and support, many people with 22q11.2DS live active, fulfilling lives.