Early-stage gallbladder cancer can be difficult to detect, and its diagnosis often occurs incidentally during imaging for unrelated conditions or after gallbladder removal for gallstones.

Diagnostic tests for gallbladder cancer include:

• Blood tests: Liver function tests measure bilirubin and enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT, and GGT) to assess bile duct obstruction and liver health. Coagulation tests (PT, PTT, INR) may also be performed. Tumour markers such as CA 19-9 and CEA can sometimes be elevated in gallbladder cancer, but they are not specific and may also rise due to other conditions. These markers can be useful for monitoring treatment response in diagnosed cases.
• Ultrasound: A non-invasive imaging technique to detect abnormalities in the gallbladder.
• CT scan / MRI: Provides detailed images to evaluate the extent and stage of disease.
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A specialised procedure that allows for examination of bile ducts and potential biopsies.
• Biopsy: If a suspicious mass is detected, a biopsy may be performed to confirm malignancy.